One Man Can Change the World Essay Example

One Man Can Change the World Essay Example One Man Can Change the World Paper One Man Can Change the World Paper Our group has decided to characterize the accompanying words in the subject: one man, can, change and world. The term one man is viewed as a solitary, singular individual; can is characterized as to have the ability to; change can be depicted as to impact the future course of occasions distinctive to what it is or would have been whenever taken off alone, and world being most of humankind that live on Earth. In this way we interpret the point as meaning that a solitary, singular person has the ability to impact the future course of occasions distinctive to what It Is or would have been If left solitary for most of mankind that live on Earth. We accept that this flattening Is sensible and In the split of the subject. The split weve picked for tonights banter Is social and political. As first speaker, I will concentrate on the master plan of the theme and how this influences society all in all. Today around evening time, my fundamental contentions will concentrate on: the philanthropic Mother Teresa, a progressively scandalous Osama Bin Lading, and he idea of the butterfly impact. Our subsequent speaker will take a gander at Americas Barack Obama, Ian Frazer and the Guardrails antibody, and Fred Hollows. Through this our group sick utilize Justified and late guides to demonstrate to you how one man can change the world. As she once said herself, Do not hang tight for world pioneers; do only it, individual to individual. This is the general concept that we, as the positive group, is putting to you today around evening time we as a whole have the ability to roll out incredible improvement, as Mother Teresa has. This past point shows how magnificently a solitary individual can change the world yet with there must be an equalization of good and insidiousness on the planet, one such fiendishness passes by the name of Osama bal Laden. Im sure every one of you recall that day where, packed all fashioned the news, was a report of two planes flying into the Twin Towers: a significant number of you wouldve gazed at the TV in stun thinking; no, no chance Its each of the a fabrication, its simply like the War of the Worlds once more. At that point reality struck, this was all obvious, every one of these individuals truly had kicked the bucket from some monstrosity crash. At that point a subsequent plane, an abundant excess to be an incident, so you think what kind of frightful individual could do THIS, murder such huge numbers of honest unmans? Conceived in 1 957 Osama canister Laden grew up to turn into the pioneer of the universes most infamous psychological oppressor association, al Qaeda, inciting the previous occupant of the USA to announce war on a thought itself, the basic thought of fear based oppression. Canister Laden was enabled with the capacity to show people groups energy Into change and activity and making the worldwide network dread things they once didn't even authenticity existed. Presently before we go on a flight, we have that dread that perhaps our goal Is passing; perhaps the man scheduling close to you has a bomb In his bag, the creative mind can run free on these conceivable outcomes. Osama receptacle Laden has likewise change gathers recognition AT Meme Eastern individuals, won are presently Dealing progressively preferential against. Individuals are once more Judged by their external looks and separation is again in real life which is absurd in this 21st century globalizes world. The Middle East creates a portion of the universes best games individuals, scholars and different societies, to just imagine that one man places this positive picture into one of worldwide doubt and separation. Radicals like canister Laden, Hitler and Robert Manage have the amazing capacity to change the world for the more regrettable, fixing all the incredible accomplishments mankind itself has made with a solitary activity. Women and men of honor, a story goes this way, if a butterfly folds its wings on one side of the world, here will be a tropical storm on the opposite side; this depicts the butterfly impact tumult hypothesis. This is the hypothesis that a solitary activity, regardless of how little it is, is a trigger that will prompt greater occurrences that in the end will abandon the little butterfly fold to a gigantic typhoon. This hypothesis can likewise be applied to this discussion as it just takes one convincing individual to push the main domino in the line. Both Mother Teresa and Osama receptacle Laden just made the world the manner in which it is a direct result of their booking and convictions; they were the impetuses who begun the chain response. The positive am is stating to you that we cant Just hope to neglect to move and let the world cruise by; trusting that there is no reason to worry since it wont, every last one of us has the ability to change the world. In rundown women and courteous fellows, Eve introduced to you important and ongoing models, right off the bat identifying with Mother Teresa and how she effectively rolled out an incredible improvement on the planet we live in by aiding those of sick wellbeing and less blessed. Demonstrating how regardless of where your birthplaces lie, as long as you are happy to endure and in the event that you really accept your motivation, at that point you can accomplish those things. Also I gave a more sombrero model yet absolutely one that we would all be able to identify with and have seen the progressions of. Such an ongoing and compelling model is one difficult to overlook, the result of al Qaeda and at last Osama receptacle Aldens fear monger assaults despite everything reverberate. There is no uncertainty that this occasion has formed and changed the world we live in, all as a result of the decisions of a person. Finally Eve given you how the Butterfly Effect hypothesis is one that can demonstrate how it just takes a solitary man to change things until the end of time. Utilizing this, Eve demonstrated how one man can change the world. Id like to rabbit with you a story I as of late heard to end with.

The Creative Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Creative - Assignment Example This item is compact and would advance the combination of innovation and empower access to the inn benefits through an electronic gadget (Nyheim, McFadden and Connolly, 2005). It would permit the client the client to deal with the inn benefits before appearance, upon appearance and inside the booked room. The item targets various sections of the market, for example, the inn business and home movers. The organization will separate costs as per the requirements of various objective markets. In any case, the item will confront rivalry from organizations that offer visit voyages, applications that empower the clients to book an inn ahead of time. Despite what might be expected, because of the various preferences the gadget brings, it will defeat the difficulties. HosTech should take part in broad publicizing and advancement exercises. The advancement will be through internet based life stages, for example, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, web journals and Company site. The messages will showcase the item and all the more in this way, it will go about as a stage to empower client reliability by including them in open conversation gatherings about the MRD. Moreover, the message goes about as an advertising instrument to guarantee the clients that the item is top of the line and does there is no cuurent innovation to beat

Movin On

Movin’ On Wow; it’s already 2010. Anyways, Monday 1/4/10 marks the beginning of IAP 2010. For those unfamiliar with IAP (Independent Activities Period), it’s basically the whole month of January during which …MIT students do whatever they find worthwhile â€" whether it’d be a mini-internship, starting/continuing an UROP, learning to snowboard, making pottery, or (gasp!) taking a class (many people do. ‚ò?) Browse around this year’s IAP site for a better idea ‚Üí Overview of IAP 2010 From what Ive heard, some of the most popular offerings that fill up very quickly include the beverage-related activities (such as A Taste of Scotland: Single Malt Scotch Whisky Tasting Seminar, In Vino Veritas, and Thirsty Ear Beer Connoisseur Class (all with legal age and IDs as prerequisites of course). Also with competitive enrollment is the IAP beginner glassblowing class, which uses a lottery system; students will learn the basics of making beautiful projects like this: (Credit: The MIT Glass Lab-http://web.mit.edu/glasslab/sales_labsales.html) Luckily, my suite-mate Evie got in this class -cant wait to see what she makes! Finally, a search for “IAP” on the blogs homepage will pull up some more personal experiences worth reading. Here’s a preview of my first IAP â€" which I’ll surely blog about in the coming weeks. • P.E. ice-skating @ 10 AM on MTWR I’ve been ice skating before, but am no where near comfortable on ice. Here’s a chance to change that. You might wonder why I should subject myself to something @ 10 AM four days a week, why, it must be because I have a math class at 12 PM and would not like to rush in between; plus I just found out p-sets for that class are due at 11:45 AM…good call on my part. Pat pat. Without further ado, the aforementioned obligation that will try to monopolize my IAP… • 18.02Aâ€" This is a continuation of 18.02A in the fall semester, during which we finish learning multivariable calculus. After completing half of the course in December, students choose to complete the second half during either the spring semester or IAP (which I believe is the choice of many since IAP grading is still pass-no record). But IAP 18.02A consists of daily lectures and recitations twice a week, four difficult p-sets, an one-hour exam, and a two-hour final. It will be a pain in the rear, but surmounting the math GIRs during IAP means room for other classes during the spring! • Java/Python/C++?? â€" So there’s a bunch of IAP offerings on programming. The options include Postscript, Python, C, C++, Haskell, and Java. I have not heard of half of the aforementioned languages, but gathering from Chris’s latest post, 630 MIT students are course 6! I have got to taste some of this, the computer science part that is. So if I find time, I will try to attend one of these programming series. • Paint my room bamboo â€" personal goal; wonder how this will go. • Random events i.e. LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook…Oh My! What does your online image tell employers? ,Charm School, and Chinese Dessert Night . • The much talked about Mystery Hunt See Matts 2007 post • Take/practice for the Swim Test! â€" shhh size=1I still haven’t taken the swim test (100 yards consecutively any stroke you prefer) that we were supposed to have taken during orientation or by September 24th … or by Oct. 30th as the last email from MITPE commanded…Maybe it’ll get done during IAP? Feel free to discuss your new goals for 2010 now that apps are, for the most part, history! Lastly, Happy New Year’s, of course!

Definition and Examples of Word Salad

The metaphorical expression  word salad  (or word-salad) refers to the practice of stringing together words that have no apparent connection to one another—an extreme case of jumbled speech  or disorderly  writing. Also called (in psychology)  paraphrasia. Psychiatric clinicians use the term word salad to refer to a rare form of disorganized speech: Campbells Psychiatric Dictionary...a group of neologisms, according to Robert Jean Campbell. They are meaningless until the patient discusses the neologisms at length, thus revealing their underlying significance. It is a coded language, not unlike dreams in principle; the patient holds the table to the code and only he can provide meanings to the otherwise incomprehensible dialect. Examples and Observations Manfred Spitzer[Psychiatrist Eugen] Bleuler described the relatively high frequency of indirect, oblique, or remote, associations in schizophrenic patients. This type of association, observed either in spontaneous speech or in the word-association test, goes from one word to another word via a not overtly spoken intermediate word. One of Bleulers examples is wood-dead cousin. At first glance, this association appears to be a complete word salad. However, if you know that a cousin of the patient had died recently and was buried in a wooden coffin, it becomes obvious that this was, in fact, an indirect association, from wood to wooden coffin to dead cousin.D. Frank Benson and Alfredo ArdilaNeologistic and semantic jargon are the primary components of a schizophrenic language output that has been termed word salad, an apt phrase for the mixture of misused linguistic features produced by the schizophrenic subject. Much more often, however, word salad is based on brain damage (Benson, 197 9a).Noam ChomskyColorless green ideas sleep furiously.Susan NevilleWhen there are recognizable words but no one else can make sense of them, they call it word salad. No one ever thinks to call it music.Gregory CorsoHow nice itd be to come home to herand sit by the fireplace and she in the kitchenaproned young and lovely wanting my babyand so happy about me she burns the roast beefand comes crying to me and I get up from my big papa chairsaying Christmas teeth! Radiant brains! Apple deaf!God what a husband Id make! Word Salads and Creative Writing Heather SellersThe next key characteristic of schizophrenia was the tendency toward word salad. There was an example, a rambling block quotation that strung together a grandmothers death, sunlight, dinner, and cats that didnt exist, interspersed with inappropriate laughter. Again not my mother. Again more like me. Word salad was the exact name of a writing exercise I gave my students at the beginning of the year. In a piece of writing, those moves from death to dinner could be crucial, heartbreaking.I opened a fat gray volume titled Schizophrenia. I found a chart that listed the warning signs of the disease: birth complications, separation from parents, withdrawn behavior, emotional unpredictability, poor peer relations, solo play. One could also consider this the recipe for becoming an artist, a writer. Word-Salad Poetry Nancy Bogen[Y]ou mustnt become so enamored of the sounds youre using as to lose sight of your meaning. To do so would be tantamount to creating word-salad, and even as a form of rebellion, that wont do, it simply wont. Why? Because its been done too many times already and by now its just plain boring, as boring as saying the same word or phrase over and over like a mantra. If people found it on a printed page, theyd simply shrug and move on; if they heard you reading it aloud, theyd just tune out. So what, some of you are saying? So plenty; youre supposed to be communicating—poetry is a special form of communication between yourself, the poet, and others who want to or may be persuaded to hear what you have to say in your language. Word-Salad Spam Pui-Wing TamWord-salad spam has become especially problematic in the last year, say antispam software companies. The technique of stringing together gibberish phrases was devised specifically to dodge a sophisticated type of screening technology, known as a Bayesian filter, which gained popularity in 2003.

Civil Disobedience as a Movement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1109 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/05/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Civil Disobedience Essay Did you like this example? During the years the most important events in the world, have started by someone who raised their voice on an injustice, a conflict, a disagreement. This referring to changes and improvements for a society, protests are all over the history and until now the still being an important cause of change, even for good or bad. But there are many opinions if either is a good behavior or not, if it follows the laws or break them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil Disobedience as a Movement" essay for you Create order Society involves different groups and cultures, from here is that the disagreements start, because communities have different opinions and want to be heard, if it were not for those who claim their rights, there would be no egalitarian justice. Protests not only raise awareness, but it also raise rejection for those who interpret it as a criminal conduct and an infraction of law; and to be honest there will always be a thin line between crime and civil disobedience. Protests shouldnt be qualified as crimes, they are an important step to changes and rights, if they are made with reciprocity nobody can deny the right of a group or person to raise their voice, society went trough so many improvements for people because of this kind of civil disobediences and there are many factors to judged this movements as civil disobedience. In a society exists different groups and cultures, ruled by a hegemony class and constituting of subculture and counterculture, therefore subordinated groups need to be represented and not be an indifferent part of society. Hegemony is the ruling class in a society, which maintains effective control over some subject group, the models of society imposed by a ruling elite, named the upper class. The influence generated in other social groups comes from the hegemony class, through this hegemony is added a trace of power, influence and hierarchy; hegemony is the sociocultural political articulation mode that imposes, reaffirms and recreates the dominant power in economy, politics and culture. Culture being the general group identity, also involves sub-cultures being a part of the larger culture, is a sub-division that results from the combination of factors such as social class, ethnic, beliefs, practices, and values. Sub-cultures are an important influence around the hegemony, domination and resistance: the search of disagreement with hegemonic ideas, attitudes and values that distance itself from the dominant and parental culture. In relation with this the counterculture is a subculture that represent the evolution of expressions cultural alternatives to a system, it establishes limits to the hegemonic, formulate questions, generates a movement from the smaller groups against the most influential groups in a society.The best system of government is known as Democracy, in which management and ownership resides in the power of the total society as whole, but the relationship between democracy and culture is controversial and thorny issue. Politician and their parties use the cultures to gain their votes, but beyond the good intentions that everyone announces, we discover politicians have the intentions to manipulate cultural spaces and to use its people. Subcultures and countercultures of a society arent the majority rule, even democracy is the voice of the people, some groups and people are more influential and have the power to decide, this because people choose their representatives and that is sometimes the main problem. Smaller groups dont have much power in democracy, pure democracy care for majority, and not for subordinated groups, devoting very little attention to political subcultures and its development, which is an indicator of the existing levels of freedom. To judge a conduct from a subordinated group is essential to know the reason and the meaning it has for them, what it may be right for one group can be completely rejected for the members of another, and vice versa. This is better explained in Rachels critique of cultural relativism, to call something right or wrong would imply being able to judge such a custom from an independent point of view to personal opinion. Rachel doesnt agree with universal critique, he talk s about a case of the different cultures with different moral codes, King Darius of Persia confronted two peoples, Greeks and Calatinos, with each others funeral habits. Greeks were disgusted with the funeral practice of the Catalans, of eating the dead. Calatinos disliked the habit of burning them on the funeral pyre, as the Greeks did. Confronting them, Dario seems to have given them a lesson in tolerance. Now in the contemporary world, there are still differences between cultures and is difficult to present objective reasons to say that one particular behavior is better or worse than other; there are no universal moral truths. Using Rachels critique is possible to judge protest actions in order to accept them as a good argument and respect the right to present their reasons in relation to their context.Protests were made to generate attention, for this they are made in public spaces, not matter where, the space and people must be respected and be done in a way that doesnt affect others. If is a justifiable illegality or not, is judged from the reciprocity presented, to raise awareness manifestations are expressed, then, in all the artistic tendencies, social, philosophical and scientific. All this understood at a specific time and circumstances, within the social, economic, political and cultural coordinates of th eir time; context without which social phenomena would not take place (or took on completely different forms). Inconvenience will always appear in protests, for those who disagree with the reason or just the methods employed, some ways of protests can be uncomfortable for society, but interventions can mean the end of something genuine and the beginning of a movement that responds to the demands of a particular class, never attempting against someone or something and stay in the range of justifiable infraction. In conclusion for all this reasons and examples to justify civil disobedience as an act to be heard and considerate in a society. Classifying the socio-cultural phenomenon of the protests, the one that has been banalized so many times and that has scarcely been analyzed from a criminalistic point of view. Once the existence of the subculture is admitted as a phenomenon loaded with values different from those of the dominant or central culture, our duty is to identify them, classify them and analyze how they differ from those of the dominant culture, in order to determine if these values †¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹are or are not, tolerated differences that do not represent a social threat. For without the establishment of democracy and its air of freedom, as well as its apparent security, experiential expressions such as those promoted by the subcultures would hardly have taken place.

Three things that happened in m life, and push me to stude Free Essays

What is that challenge? How is work? Is that something I can stay home and it will come over to me? Is that something I can befit because my parents have it? My explanation about challenge could be different but I think it will work. Challenge is always people dreams but most do not complete it Challenge is your dream, is something you want died for, you sacrifice our life for You believe in, you spend all your time for, you borrow money for, you cut in your sleep for, and onetime you don’t sleep for, First is work! When you want, when you decide to sacrifice you life for it, and will see how work is. No is not something you can stay home and it will come to you, is something you go looking for, no matter how bad it is outside no matter how bad the whether is you wake up with it in you head and get out looking for it, no matter how hard everything is for you go looking for it. We will write a custom essay sample on Three things that happened in m life, and push me to stude or any similar topic only for you Order Now No challenge is not something you could be befit from any parents, our parents could e rich and gives you whatever you want, you still need to know you need challenge , our parents can give you most time they have doesn’t mean anything, you can have to put yourself out and looking for challenge Just like I did. Remember challenge is go back to school, or if you already at school fit for it, spend all your time on it, always have an your mine why you wake up early for? Why would you go to school for? Why would you do anything Jobs to survive? Why would you need to spend a lot of time in school for? Don’t forget how much money you loose if you spend four years in college, and could save that money and go to work making more money, always ask yourself why would you do that for, and keep going in school you will see it, you will understand it, you will satisfy it, you will love it, you will say this is how challenge work. No matter how long it will take you , no matter how hard it is to do your homework, no matter how late you been , no matter how bad your grade is don’t give up. How to cite Three things that happened in m life, and push me to stude, Papers

Obeying the Law an Example of the Topic All Posts by

Obeying the Law An obligation to obey the law involves a reason to do that which the law needs. However the converse does not hold. Numerous reasons to do that which the law needs have nothing to do with an obligation to obey the law. One has reasons not to kill, assault, rape, or imprison other people which have no association with the law and depend completely on the fact that such acts are against the will or interests or (moral) rights of others. Thus far such reasons are reasons to do that which the law requires, for the law requires abstaining from murder, assault, rape, and imprisonment. The obligation to obey the law entails that the reason to do that which is required by law is the very fact that it is so required. At the very least this must be part of the reason to obey. (Kent Greenawalt, 1989) Need essay sample on "Obeying the Law" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed It is easy to find numerous examples where the fact that the law requires an act is a reason to perform it. A person possibly expelled from school or loses his job if rumours that he broke the law become known to his headmaster or employer. His criminal act(s) may to a great extent afflict his much-loved parents or spouse, etc. Such thoughts do not even tend to demonstrate that there is an obligation to obey the law. For even though in these cases the law is a reason for conforming behavior it is an incidental reason existing for a particular person, applying under definite special circumstances. The obligation to obey the law is a general obligation applying to all the law's subjects and to all the laws on all the occasions to which they apply. To look for an obligation to obey the law of a definite country is to look for grounds which make it enviable, further things being equal, that one must always do as the law requires. These grounds require not be the same for everyone or for every occasion, however they must be of adequate generality in order that a few general sets of considerations will apply to all on all occasions. The hunt for an obligation to obey the law of a certain country is an inquiry into whether there is a set of true premises which involve that everyone should always to do as those laws require and which comprise the fact that those actions are required by law as a non-redundant premises. Liberal political theory generally assumes that an obligation to obey the law implies nothing more than a prima facie reason to obey. The notion of an obligation, however, imports a practical requirement more stringent than that of a prima facie reason. An action is obligatory merely if it is required by a protected reason which does not derive only from the fact that adherence to it eases realization of the agent's goals. No doubt one may be satisfied with inquiring whether or not there is a prima facie reason to obey the law which applies to all the law's subjects on all occasions to which the law applies. It is recommended that even in this 'modest' sense there is no obligation to obey the law. However it is of interest to note that for the majority people an obligation to obey the law means something far more demanding than a prima facie reason. It means a peremptory reason best explained consistent with general analysis of obligation, as a categorical protected reason. The occur rence of this 'strong' view of an obligation to obey,far from resting on naive and unreflective political attitudes, reflects a logical and sober understanding of necessary features of the political situation which has long been expediently overlooked by most political theorists. The query of the proper attitude to the law is a central preoccupation of political philosophy. One facet of it is the inquiry whether there is an obligation to fulfill with the claims of the law for obedience, whether one has a duty to obey the law as it that is the law, demands to be obeyed. It is this obligation which is usually thought of by the general public as the obligation to obey the law. Quite apart from this terminological point there can be little doubt of the significance of an inquiry into whether it is justified to comply with the claims of the law for obedience. The law's claims for obedience are very diverse from the current philosophical conception of the obligation to obey the law as a prima facie reason to obey. The majority of the current philosophical writings assume that the obligation to obey the law is not violated when an offence is committed in circumstances where there are strong moral reasons for committing it although its commission is accountable to lead to a conviction in a court of law. One can imagine, for instance, unlawfully obtaining or stealing a medicine essential to cure a patient and which for a variety of reasons cannot be lawfully obtained. Clearly such an act is a violation of an obligation to obey the law if that is understood as an obligation to obey the law as it requires to be obeyed. On that understanding any act which is a breach of law is as well a violation of the obligation to obey the law. Two points are involved here. The first is that through its rules and its adjudicative machinery the law supposes the right to find out in what conditions legal requirements are defeated by other considerations. The courts apply various doctrines for instance conscientious objection, self-defence, necessity, etc., to pardon people from blame for breach of law. Moderately prosecutorial discretion is designed, in certain countries, to serve the same purpose. So that at the same time as it is true that legal requirements are not, in law, absolute, the law itself claims to determine their proper import, to fix the conditions in which they are overridden. Consequently, an obligation to obey the law interpreted as a 'strong' obligation, i.e. to obey it as it requires to be obeyed, comprises acknowledging more than a prima facie reason to obey the law. It includes admission that the reasons to obey have the weight and implications which the law determines for them. In other words it involve s a reason to obey in all situation defeated only by considerations which are legally documented as excusing from prosecution or conviction. (Kent Greenawalt, 1989) This may sound like claiming that the obligation to obey the law is absolute. Although, and here is the second point, this is a mistake. The essay on 'The Claims of Law' provided arguments for holding that the law claims not absolute however exclusionary status. Courts need not refute the weight of moral reasons which sometimes argue for breaking the law but which are not provided for by the law and are not permitted to count as excuses or justifications. But the courts do maintain that neither they nor the individual are entitled to break the law on such occasions. They assert that one should disregard those countervailing considerations, however weighty. The legislator or the executive may have to take some action. Although so long as they have not done so the individual should disregard those countervailing considerations. In other words the law asserts that its rules and rulings are authoritative. To found an obligation (in the strong sense) to obey the law, as commonly understoo d, is to institute that its claim is justified, that the law indeed has the legitimate authority it claims to have. The view that there is no obligation to obey the law in a country with a good and just legal system has the air of inconsistency. Its inconsistent appearance is accountable to a large degree for our reluctance to abandon the belief in the existence of such an obligation. The appearance of paradox is deceptive. It stems from two intimately connected sources: we think of a decent or a moral citizen as one who among other things obeys the laws of a just legal system and we think of the good legal system as the one whose laws ought to be obeyed. A couple of preliminary points first. It goes without saying that one has more often independent ethical reasons for conforming to the laws of a good legal system than to those of a bad legal system. If a legal system is ethically good then it holds morally good laws and those are often laws prescribing behavior which is morally obligatory independently of the law. One has moral reasons to act in conformity with the laws of a good system more often than with those of a bad system even if there is no special moral obligation to obey the laws of a just legal system. It is as well true that the fact that a legal system is in general good and just is a reason to trust its law-making and judicial institutions. If one knows that generally the laws are such that one has independent moral reasons to do as they require, then with respect to any individual law one has, other things being equal, motive to believe that there is independent moral reason to conform to it too. Consequently the general moral quality of the system heartens conformity by being a reason to believe and trust the moral value of each individual law. Again no particular obligation to obey the law is involved. These two points, though, do not touch on the essence of the apparent paradox: how is it that the fact that a legal system is just is not a reason to obey it. To dispel the appearance of paradox one has to believe the necessary role of the law in society. It is true that sometimes it is quite appropriately said that a law which is usually disregarded should be repealed. And if it is recognized in advance that a law, if made, will be generally disregarded, then it must not be made. But such arguments depend on existing or predictable disregard for the law ensuing from the failure of any kind of consideration to secure conformity. They cannot be cited as evidence that it is usually thought that where legal sanctions are unproductive or improbable to be effective then there should not be law. however if this is not a common belief then though lawfully provided sanctions are beyond doubt an important legal technique, they are not usually thought to be the only one. There are in actual fact two fundamental legal techniques, two ways in which the law serves its functions. One is the provision of reasons for compliance through the stipulation of sanctions. The other is the marking, in a publicly ascertainable way, of standards required by the organized society. In the first technique the law makes reasons for conformity, in the second it relies on independent reasons and invokes and directs them by openly declaring definite standards as the proper ones to be followed by all who are aggravated by those invoked reasons. The independence of the second technique is often overlooked. It appears that the fact that legal standards are publicly ascertainable is readily explained by the need to provide a publicly ascertainable standard for the sanction technique to be efficient and fair. It has, however, to be pointed out that this is not the merely role of publicly ascertainable standards. Consider the law regulating the activities of courts and other hig h-ranking state officers. Admittedly these officers are generally directly or indirectly connected with the application of legal sanctions. But the legal standards addressed to such officials are not there merely to allow others to predict how the officials will act but chiefly to guide the officials themselves. But while it is proposed that the officials will conform to the law, it is not expected that they should do so through desire to avoid the sanctions, but for the reason that they are predisposed by independent considerations to obey the law. The law's role here is only to mark clearly the standards to which that independent motivation then attaches itself. This difference between the two legal techniques can be viewed as a reinterpretation of the traditional distinction between mala per se and mala prohibita. One role the law has is to forbid and punish the performance of acts which must not be performed for independent reasons which neither depend on the existence of law nor are concerned with preserving further social practices. Since some people fail to be motivated by those independent reasons as they must be, the law provides them through its sanctions with alternative reasons. A second role belonging to the law concerns participation in schemes of social co-operation. Thus the law is good if it offers prudential reasons for action where and when this is advisable and if it marks out certain standards as socially required where it is suitable to do so. If the law does so correctly then it reinforces protection of ethically valuable possibilities and interests and encourages and supports worthwhile forms of social co-operation. But neither of these legal techniques even when estimably used gives rise to an obligation to obey the law. It makes sense to judge the law as a helpful and significant social institution and to judge a legal system good or even just right while denying that there is an obligation to obey its laws. Reference: Kent Greenawalt, Conflicts of Law and Morality; Oxford University Press, 1989