ASSIGNMENT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ASSIGNMENT 1 - Essay Example For the given study, the case in focus is a London production titled Adulthood. In brief, the movie focuses on the life of the main character called Sam who had been in jail for quite a significant time after being convicted for killing Trife. In a funny twist, what Sam propagates after coming from jail is the same thing that Trife had persuaded him not to do. Trife had tried to make Sam not seek revenge. After killing his friend and going to jail for it, Sam faces a challenging life afterwards. Basically, the movie is about justice and retribution as a form of dispensation of legal law. The discussion that follows herein focuses on how Adulthood as a film observes the stipulated legal, ethical and regulations outlined in the film industry. Just like in every profession, the film industry needs to be regulated. It needs to conform to the set legal, ethical as well as relevant regulations. The industry controls a significant revenue and population. Its influence on the population is a lso significant. This highlights the importance of adhering to accepted principles. This has relevance since the influence that films command on the audience can have serious implications if deliberations are not taken into mind while controlling the industry. A film like adulthood portrays what happens in most societies. It gives the predicament of those out of jail in view of the rest of the members of the society. Socializing and getting accepted into the society after serving time in jail is often a challenge to most ex-convicts. Prejudices form part of human life. It is common to perceive people or situations from what is visualized without giving considerations to the intricate factors that surround such situations. In terms of films, legal and ethical implications must be observed to ensure the audience gets the right quality (BBFC, 2013). In case that does not happen, there are obvious drawbacks and legal tussles that a film such as Adulthood will be faced with. The audience s are consumers. Consumer satisfaction is a responsibility any business. Government policies also protect consumers. Striking a balance in reference to the two guarantees legal sustainability. In the course of film production, there are obvious contractual agreements that bind the involved parties. In this case, for instance, the film was produced by Amir Madani. In addition, there were other limited liability companies such as High bridge entertainment, Gran via Productions and Sony Pictures Television which were consulted to see the quality production as well as distribution of the film. There are several benefits associated with such companies. Firstly, individual film maker is usually represented by the company should there be a contract breach during the film production (BBFC, 2013). Secondly, the film maker could sell some interests to the limited liability companies and raise some funds to ensure the production process is a success. The companies are more likely to oblige to the tax scheme other than a certain film maker facing the taxing process on individual capacity. The legal predicaments involved in contracts are still applicable in this case. Below is a pictorial representation of the movie’s cover. Being an original work, the movie is a patented product. Its producer has the right of ownership. Any breach of that can lead to a tussle in a court of law. The breach may come from unlawful reproduction. Adulthood was a film which

Operations Management Principles Examination Essay

Operations Management Principles Examination - Essay Example On account of unexpected load of materials from distributors, this results in impact on resource, space, and spares and inventory. b. "Repair parts that are controlled by Charleston facility are out of control". Following are the outcome of analysis related to this problem area: Absence of procedure for replacement of spares The probability of manual handling of spares. Lack of check, if there exists a possibility to reuse defective spares by conducting necessary rectification. Poor inventory system used. c. "Purchasing department is double checking and validating every single purchase request that comes from the inventory department" Purchase procedures do not appear to exist. Failure to adopt process of for every purchase, three vendor quotes to be obtained and compared in terms of cost, quality, delivery and payment schedule. Lack of trust on persons raising requests for purchase Absence of systems, that confirm replacement of spares being used. Absence of audit mechanism, which can be one of the measures for checks and balances. d. "Purchasing department operating a five year old EOQs (Economic Order Quantities)". Systems used on inventory and ordering cost outdated. Absence of technology oriented systems to meet the supply demand Failure of being in line with new technology. Data used, appear to be out-dated e. "Personnel department tired of obtaining trained (or trainable), temporary workers, decided to set permanent staffing levels" Lack of overview of the periodic surges in workload. Poor Resources management, resulting in loss to the organization. Absence of strong employee benefits schemes, binding employees to the organization. IV. Conceptualized conclusions, recommended solutions: Having identified the... Having identified the problems with Charleston, SC operations, and further analysis of problems analyzed, what clearly has been brought to light as outcome of the analysis is lack of control on the overall "operations management". vi. Human resource to obtain from other departments the peak workload periods, and train employees, ensuring supply on demand is available, rather than having unutilized resources on organization permanent rolls. 4. Styles: Management styles help in maintaining the entire process. Each department head should have a style in managing his team/resources/ material, which would ensure success and eliminate problems. a. Human Resource which handles the vital aspect of resources, should introduce employee retention, employee benefit schemes, having people employed on a contract mode, where employees are ready to join keeping in mind the benefits the organizations offer. 6.

Effect of Temperature on the Activation Energy

Effect of Temperature on the Activation Energy Title: Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Activation Energy Planning A. Hypothesis I predict that as temperature rises, the faster are the rates of reaction. The reaction that will be studied in this experiment is between magnesium and sulphuric acid. This reaction is shown in the chemical equation below: Mg (s) + H2S04 (aq) → MgS04 (aq) + H2 (g) In this experiment, 0.4 grams of magnesium ribbon will be used, together with 100 cubic centimeters of sulphuric acid which is in excess. The variable that I will be changing is the temperature of the water baths where the reactants (sulphuric acid and magnesium ribbon) will be placed. The volume of the gas (hydrogen gas) to be collected at each varying water bath temperature is 100 cubic centimeters. The time it takes for to collect 100 cubic centimeters of the hydrogen gas will be measured to calculate the rate of reaction. B. Background The fundamental basis of the collision theory is the kinetic theory which describes the state of matter in terms of the energy of its particles, (Energex, 2006). According to Wilbraham and others (1997), â€Å"the kinetic theory says that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion. When heated, the particles of the substance absorb energy, some of which is stored within the particles. This stored energy does not raise the temperature of the substance. The rest of the energy goes into speeding up the particles.† Particles lacking the necessary kinetic energy to react still collide but simply bounce back. Substances decompose to simpler forms, or form new substances when supplied with sufficient energy, called the â€Å"activation energy†. The activation energy is a barrier or an obstacle that the reactants must cross in order to decompose into simpler substances, or to combine and form new products. At higher temperatures, the particles of a substance move faster and become more energetic. Thus, increasing temperatures help speed up the reaction by first increasing the amount of collisions of particles and cross over the energy barrier. Wilbraham and others argue that â€Å"the main effect of increasing the temperature is to increase the number of particles that have enough kinetic energy to react when they collide. More colliding molecules are energetic enough to slip over the energy barrier to become products.† The frequency of high energy collisions between reactants increase, thus, products form faster. The illustration above shows the basis for the postulate: â€Å"raising the temperature increases the rate of reaction because the added kinetic energy allows a larger fraction of reactants to go over the hill†, (Norton, 2003). C. Risk Assessment Sulphuric acid is a strong, corrosive substance. Therefore, care should be observed when performing the experiment. I will keep in mind the following safety precautions to ensure a safe experiment: To protect the eyes from the strong acid, goggles should be worn. Care in handling the sulphuric acid should be observed. I will not pipette acid by mouth. The temperature of the water baths should be ascertained carefully to prevent scalding. The beaker with hot water bath should be set up carefully to prevent it from being knocked over. D. Fair test To ensure a fair test and high reliability of results from this experiment, I will observe the following measures: All apparatus and equipment shall be cleaned after each time where the time it takes to collect 100 cc of hydrogen gas is obtained at each run of the experiment. The reading for the volume of the sulphuric acid shall be made very carefully by reading from the lower meniscus of the 100 cubic centimeter mark. The volume of the sulphuric acid and the weight of the magnesium ribbon will be measured very accurately for all time measurements at every temperature level at each run of the experiment. The bung should be correctly and tightly placed to prevent the collected hydrogen gas from escaping. In order to achieve a constant and stable temperature for each time measurement, after adding the magnesium ribbon to the sulphuric acid, I will wait for 20 seconds to make sure that the temperature is kept constant. . Procedure of the experiment: Materials needed: For this experiment, the following are the materials that are to be used: 0.4 grams of Magnesium ribbon 100 cubic centimeters of 0.3 Molar sulphuric acid 100 cc gas syringe for the collection of the hydrogen gas (H2) stopwatch for measuring the time it takes to collect 100 cubic centimeters of the H2 gas Thermometer for measuring the temperature of the hot water baths 200 cc conical flask for the sulphuric acid 500 ml graduated cylinder for measuring the sulphuric acid 500 ml beaker for the water baths water baths with the following temperatures: 18.5 °C, 30 °C, 40 ºC, 50 ºC, 60 ºC, and 70 ºC. analytical balance for measuring 0.4 grams of magnesium ribbon Procedure: 1. Set up the materials while making sure that they are clean and the reagents are not contaminated. 2. Using a graduated cylinder, measure 100 cc of 0.3 molar concentration of sulphuric acid. 3. Carefully weigh 0.4 grams of Magnesium ribbon using an analytical balance to make sure that the weight measurement is accurate. 4. Pour the water bath with the desired temperature into the beaker. 5. Carefully put the conical flask with the sulphuric acid and into the beaker with the water bath. 6. Put the 0.4 grams of magnesium ribbon into the conical flask. 7. Measure the time it takes to collect 100 cubic centimeters of hydrogen gas into the gas syringe. 8. Repeat steps 1-7 for every desired temperature. 10. Label the time recorded as run 1. 11. Make 2 more runs for this experiment. IV. Results: Data Gathered: The time measurements for each temperature of 18.5 °C, 30 °C, 40 ºC, 50 ºC, 60 ºC, and 70 ºC were obtained and tabulated below (Table 1). Table 1. Temperature Measurements for the Three Runs or Trials The rates of reaction were obtained using the following formula below: Reaction Rate = Volume of gas collected in cc / Time it takes to collect the gas in seconds The calculated reaction rates (Volume / Time) for each set temperature for the three runs were tabulated below: Table 2. Reaction Rate of Each Run The tabulated data of reaction rates above were then graphed for all the three runs. The graph shows the same pattern for all the runs. Graph 1: Reaction Rate Vs. Time Graph of the Three Runs Using the same data, the average of all calculated reaction rates for each set temperature in every run were taken and tabulated below: Table 3: Average Reaction Rate for Each run The average reaction rate of all the three runs are then graphed below: Graph 2: Average Reaction Rate Vs. Temperature. Determination of the Activation Energy: The linear relationship between a rate constant or reaction rate and temperature is given in the equation: In k = -Ea/R X 1/T + In A, which is obtained from the Arrhenius equation that relates temperature, rate constant and activation energy. To solve this equation, the rate constant or reaction rate at several temperature values obtained in the experiment are required. Activation energy can be calculated from the obtained temperature values and each respective rate constant by graphing In k versus 1/T. The In k values were obtained using a calculator, where for every value of reaction rate (k) entered into the calculator, the In function is pressed and the In k value was given. . Table 4: In K and 1 /T Values with the Corresponding Time and Rate of the First Run After obtaining the In k and 1 / T values for the first run, they were graphed as shown below: Graph 3: In k versus 1/T (First Run) The slope of the In k versus 1/T graph for the first run was obtained the using a line of â€Å"best fit† through the points in the graph. A perpendicular line was drawn at points A and B. In the graph, A is equal to the distance between 0.6700 and 0.400 in the Y-axis and B is the distance between points 0.0033 and 0.0032 in the X-axis. So, to solve for the slope: Line A = 0.6740-0.400 = 0.2740 and for line B = 0.0033-.00032= -0.0001 Slope = Line A / Line B = 0.02740 / 0.0001 = -2740 Graph 4: In k Versus 1/T showing the Slope The relationship between slope and activation energy is: slope = -Ea/R. Hence, the activation energy for the reaction for the first run is: -2740= -Ea/R Ea = (-2740) (8.314J/mol) Ea= 22780.36 J/mol Similarly, data for the second run were obtained and tabulated as shown below: Table 4: In K and 1 /T Values with the Corresponding Time and Rate of the Second Run The values of In k and 1/T for the second run were graphed as shown below: Graph 5: In k – 1/T Graph for the Second Run The slope of the above In k versus 1/T graph for the second run was determined by drawing a perpendicular line in the best fit points such as in the graph of the first run. For the second run, the slope is equal to: -1093.16 So, the activation energy for the second run is: -1093.16 = -Ea/R -Ea = (-1093.16) (8.314 J/mol) Ea = 9088.53 J/mol Data for the In k versus 1/T graph for the third run are as follows were similarly obtained and tabulated as follows: The graph of the tabulated data above is shown below: The slope of the above In k versus 1/T above is: -1274.70 So the activation energy for the third run is: -1267.89 = -Ea/R -Ea = (1267.89) (8.314 J/mol) Ea= 10541.23 J /mol Thus, the activation energy values for each run are the following: First run : 22780.36 J/mol Second run : 9088.53 J/mol Third run : 10541.23 J /mol V. Analysis The data gathered clearly show that at higher temperatures, the rates of reactions increase up to a certain point, and then continue to slow down. This can be seen in the first 2 graphs, namely: Graph 1: Reaction Rate Vs. Time Graph of the Three Runs and Graph 2: Average Reaction Rate Vs. Temperature. This means that after sometime, the rate of reaction slows down because the products are already being formed. In the experiment, the plateaus in the graph correspond to the time that the hydrogen gas (H2) are already being formed. The data also showed only one activation energy value for each run. Thus, it only shows that the activation energy in NOT temperature- dependent, NOR is there a direct relationship between the two, since its value does not change with changes in temperature. The relationship between temperature and activation energy as can be concluded in this experiment, is that the temperature increases the capacity of the system to overcome the activation energy needed to form the products. So, the higher the temperature, the faster are the rates or speed of reactions. VI. Evaluation: A. Experimental Uncertainty: In the measurement of the different temperatures for the water baths, the following percentage errors were obtained: For the reading of 18.5 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 18.5 x 100 = 2.7% For 30 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 30 x 100 = 0.16% For 40 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 40 x 100 = 0. 125% For 53 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 53 x 100 = 0. 94% For 60 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 60 x 100 = 0. 83% For 70 º C, the percentage error is: Plus or minus 0.5 / 60 x 100 = 0. 71% In the use of a graduated cylinder with 1 cm scale, the percentage error is plus or minus 0.5 in every 10 cm scale. So, in this experiment, the percentage error can be calculated as: 0.50/100 X 100 = 0.5%. Experimental Outcomes The outcomes of the experiment exactly fit my hypothesis or prediction, that as the temperature rises, the faster is the rate of reaction. However, I did not predict the outcome that the activation energy itself is NOT temperature dependent, since it does not change with the changes in temperature. This is shown in the experiment results, where there was only one activation energy value for all temperature measurements in each run of the experiment. The relationship between temperature and activation energy is based on the fact that the temperature increases the capacity of the system to overcome the activation energy needed to form the products. Design of the Experiment I believe that to improve the experiment, I may need to compare the reaction used in this experiment to a reaction that uses a catalyst to investigate the effect of catalysts on the activation energy and speed of reactions. References: Activation Energy, 2006. http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch22/activate.html#act [Accessed: February 28, 2006]. Collins, M. (1999), Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation. Abbey Newsletter, Vol.23, Number 3, 1999. http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byorg/abbey/an/an23/an23-3/an23-308.html. [Accessed: February 29, 2006]. Energex, 2006. Kinetic Theory. http://www.energex.com/au/switched_on/project_info/electricity_production_glossary.html#K. [Accessed: February 29, 2006]. Norton, 2003. Key Equations and Concepts .Chemistry in the Science Context. http://www.wwnorton.com/chemistry/concepts/chapter14/ch14_5.htm [Accessed: February 27, 2006]. The Shodon Education Foundation, Inc. 1998. The Arrhenius Equation. http://www.shodor.org/UnChem/advanced/kin/arrhenius.html. [Accessed: February 27, 2006]. Wikipedia, 2006. Collision Theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/collision_theory. [Accessed: February 27, 2006]. Wilbraham, A. Stanley D., Matta, M., 1997. Chemistry. 4th edition. Menlo Park, California: Addison-Wesley. (pp.490-494). .

Explain And Evaluate Critically Malthuss Population Theory. Essay examp

Explain and Evaluate Critically Malthus's Population Theory. In 1798 Thomas Robert Malthus, a British clergyman and professor, wrote an essay showing the way to modern demography. In 1824 he wrote a shorter final version, the article on population for that year's Encyclopedia Britannica. Malthus has been criticized for his lack of scientific foresight—he did not foresee modern advances leading to increased life expectancy, food production and birth control. He has been criticized for his politics—he thought welfare immorally increased population and hunger. He has been criticized for pessimism— the adjective Malthusian is associated with a gloomy outlook for humanity. But he showed the way for the study of human population. People. To learn how fast people might reproduce, Malthus examined the United States census. Conveniently, that count was required each decade, starting in 1790, by the Constitution of the former British colonies. Land was so fertile and uncrowded that food production seemed not to limit population growth. Immigration counts were available to subtract from natural rates of population growth, thus revealing net reproductive growth. Malthus observed that under such ideal conditions, during each 25 years the human population tends to double. So if world population is represented by 1, then after each 25 years it would be 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and so on, provided there were no limits on such "natural" rates of population in...

Education System in Pakistan Essay

The education system in Pakistan is generally divided into five levels:- 1) Primary (Grades one to Grade 5) 2) Middle (Grades six to Grade 8) 3) High (Grade Nine to Grade 10) Also known as Secondary 4) Intermediate (Grade eleven to 12) Also known as Higher Secondary 5) University (Undergraduate and Graduate degree) (14 to 16 Years of Education) 1) Primary Level of Education The standard national system of education is mainly inspired from the British System. Pre-School education is designed for 3-5 years old and usually consists of three stages (Play Group, Nursery and Kindergarten (KG)). After pre-school education, students go through junior school from grade 1 to 5. Only 80% of Pakistani children finish primary school education. 2) Middle Level of Education After passing grade 5 Examination which is conducted by the Punjab Examination Commission Lahore, students are promoted in to Middle Level ie grade 6 to 8. At middle level single-sex education is usually preferred by the community but co-education is also common in urban cities of the Pakistan. Subject Taught at Middle Level of Education: At middle level of education the eight commonly examined subjects are Urdu, English, Mathematics, Arts, Science, Social Studies, Islamiyat and sometime Computer Studies. Some institutes also give instruction in foreign languages such as Turkish, Arabic, Persian, French and Chinese. The language of instruction depends on the nature of the institution itself, whether it is an English medium school or an Urdu medium School. 3) High/Secondary Level of Education After passing grade 8 Examination which is conducted by the Punjab Examination Commission Lahore, Students are promoted to High/Secondary Level ie grade 9 to 10 which is also known Secondary School Certificate (SSC). Students are required to pass a national examination administered by a regional Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education (BISE). Upon successful completion of these two examination, they are awarded a SSC Certificate. This locally known as â€Å"Matriculation†. Subject Taught at Secondary Level of Education: The curriculum usually includes a combination of eight courses including elective subject such as (Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Computer) as well as compulsory subject such as (Mathematics, English, Urdu, Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies). 4) Intermediate/Higher Secondary Level of Education The students are promoted to grade 11 after passing of grade 10. Upon successful completion of grade 11 and grade 12 Examination by the BISE, students are awarded the Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC). This level of education is also called the FSc/FA or â€Å"Intermediate†. There are many groups that students can choose for their 11 and 12 grades, such as pre-medical, pre-engineering, humanities and commerce. Subject Taught at Intermediate/Higher Secondary Level of Education: At Intermediate level each group consists of three elective and as well as three compulsory subject of English, Urdu, Islamiyat(grade 11 only) and Pakistan Studies (Grade 12 only). 6) University Level of Education (Undergraduate and Graduate degree) After earning HSSC (Higher Secondary School Certificate), students may study in a professional college/University for Bachelor’s degree courses such as engineering (B.Engg/BS Engg), medicine (MBBS), dentistry (BDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), law (LLB), architecture (B. Arch), pharmacy (Pharm-D) and nursing (B. Nurs). These courses require four or five years of study. There are some councils and boards that will handle all the educational matters in these cases and they are known as the PMDC, Pakistan pharmacy council and Pakistan nursing council. Students can also attend a university for Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (B. Sc), Bachelor of Commerce (B. Com). At university level there are two types of Bachelor courses in Pakistan: Pass or Honors. Pass degree requires two years of study and students normally read three optional subjects (such as Chemistry or Economics) in addition to almost equal number of compulsory subject such as English and Pakistan Studies. Honours degree required three or four years of study, and students normally specialize in a chosen field of study such as Microbiology (BS Hons. Microbiology). After successful completion of B. A,B. Sc, students enrolled in Master degree programme that require 2 years education to get the Master degree. Masters in Philosophy (M. Phil) is available in most of the subject and can be undertaken after doing Masters. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) education is also available in selected areas and is usually pursued after earning a M. Phil degree. Students pursuing M. Phil or PhD degree must choose a specific field and a university that is doing research work in that filed. M. Phil and PhD education in Pakistan requires minimum of 2 years of study. Dr. Qaisar Abbas Janjua M. A (Education).

Role of Literature in the Age of Technology

Literature refers to the realm of letters and the writings of a particular period, mostly those whose value lies in the beauty of form or emotional effect. Technology is the science of the industrial arts. Scientists have played an important role in promoting human welfare, but the benefits of science may not have reached the masses, at any rate in ample measure, without technological devices and practical applications. We live in the world of both science and technology and many people, who take a rather superficial view of things, have begun to feel that in the technological world of tomorrow the role of literature seems poor.In fact, literature in its pure form is believed to have little relation with science and technology. Science provides knowledge and power and both science and technology affect human life at several points, though the extent and utility of the applications are determined by our culture, our wisdom and our priorities. Literature reflects the moods and emotions of the times in which it is produced; it is conditioned by the reflexes which, in turn, are created by the impact of science and technology.Modern technology increasingly dominates the world, and the domination is likely to become more pronounced in future, because of the fast developments tending to subdue creative human thinking and expression. But the belief that literature would have no place in future and in futuristic calculations is erroneous. There is no reason to believe that the mechanical way of life, in which our actions are governed more and more by computer culture and electronic calculators of all types, will destroy the talent of writers, authors, poets, biographers and artists.Technology does not discourage natural, multi faceted talent; rather, it generally promotes the climate for expressions of talent in countless channels. All round prosperity helps a great deal in creating literature of lasting value, and it is technology which has made many countries wealthy and prosperous. Jawaharlal Nehru cautioned us some four decades ago that it was only through the growth of technology that our country would become prosperous.In some cases technological development and automation may cause misery, through the resultant unemployment, for instance. But it has to be noted that both science and technology also provide additional avenues for employment; countries which boast of maximum employment, or nearly so, are those which are technologically advanced. In fact, our country may go down, instead of progressing fast, if we do not keep pace with technological developments and march in step, as far as possible, with the industrialised and technologically progressive nations.It is not only for the sake of the material benefits, the comforts and conveniences of life that we must opt for the latest technological processes, even by discarding our traditional practices, but for our art and literature, too, we shall have to make the best of technology, which w ould enable talented people to put in their best in art and literature. Some people think and they have a reason for doing so, that since science demolishes faith and tradition, it tends to produce scepticism, anxiety and even tensions, and it doubts everything, even cherished values.Science has eliminated superstitions. Technology helps to provide weapons of war; war stimulates technologists, but it depresses the artists and those who prepare literary pieces. Sensitivity and the urge to create new masterpieces get suppressed; reckless destruction, bloodshed and hostilities ruin the very climate that helps to create literature and artistic masterpieces. Culture and literature, after all, indicate the cultivation of man's inner nature.Culture prompts men and women to seek perfection; they are not motivated by curiosity and the endless sense of enquiry which characterise scientists and technologists. Literature expresses feelings and innermost thoughts and ambitions, while technology has other ends and other fields to explore. Literature may at first appear to be out of place in a technological milieu, but surely scientists and technologists do not encroach upon the field of literature. There seems to be no reason why both literature and technology cannot flourish side by side.A society that is highly progressive technologically may also become rich in literature. We may take the example of the world's most industrially advanced country and the mightiest military power, the USA, where technology has registered unprecedented achievements and yet the USA has produced rich literature. Technology results in affluence and prosperity and economic prosperity promotes good literature and masterpieces in the arts. So there is no contraction involved. It is only during war and the all out preparations for war, that literature gets a setback.Science and technology, it has been truly said, have radically altered the face of civilisation, but nothing, not even the most sophi sticated mechanical devices and the most fruitful applications of new inventions, can change human nature or replace human being, who must indeed remain in effective command of all scientific inventions and their day-to-day application. Technology has created robots, artificial intelligence in the shape of â€Å"thinking computers† which can read, translate, interpret and give decisions with amazing speed and accuracy.But not even the most sophisticated technological advances can by themselves produce literature—poetry, prose, plays, novels and stories. In a sense, science and technology may be said to be of direct assistance in promoting literature, because they help to create leisure by introducing labour saving and time saving devices and by eliminating drudgery as well as duplication of effort. The leisure thus created can be put to literary pursuits. In such a context, the talk of a contradiction between technology and literature is not well founded.Scientific kno w how may thus be viewed as technology which, examined dispassionately, has an important bearing on arts and literature. Good literature makes a lasting impact on the human mind; it entertains, instructs and ennobles the spirit of human beings; it does not debase or corrupt the mind in any way, and it certainly does not lead to destruction of any section of mankind. Science and its handmaid, technology, however, have placed in the hands of man vicious and highly destructive tools in the shape of lethal weapons the like of which he has never had before.Literature builds, but technology, if misused by vicious statesmen and politicians may cause havoc on a massive scale, destroying both litterateurs and technologists without discrimination. Technology does make for concentration and centralisation of economic and political activity. A person's individuality, sense of fraternity and selflessness tend to get eroded. Where there is less patronage of art and talent, there is bound to be le ss of literature of permanent value, because the right spirit and mood are not there to promote it.The depersonalisation of modern life which, it appears, will get stronger as the years pass, is likely to discourage writers and poets; misery, anguish and a generally noisy atmosphere are hardly conducive to the production of sound literature. But we need not give up all hope of a better world tomorrow, from the standpoint of culture and literature, simply because science and technology tend to predominate over human values. It is within the power and capacity of man, provided he exercises his sound judgment and pursues the right priorities to shape a better world, where literature flourishes along with industry and technology.